How can I represent an 'Enum' in Python? How can I represent an 'Enum' in Python? python-3.x python-3.x

How can I represent an 'Enum' in Python?


Enums have been added to Python 3.4 as described in PEP 435. It has also been backported to 3.3, 3.2, 3.1, 2.7, 2.6, 2.5, and 2.4 on pypi.

For more advanced Enum techniques try the aenum library (2.7, 3.3+, same author as enum34. Code is not perfectly compatible between py2 and py3, e.g. you'll need __order__ in python 2).

  • To use enum34, do $ pip install enum34
  • To use aenum, do $ pip install aenum

Installing enum (no numbers) will install a completely different and incompatible version.


from enum import Enum     # for enum34, or the stdlib version# from aenum import Enum  # for the aenum versionAnimal = Enum('Animal', 'ant bee cat dog')Animal.ant  # returns <Animal.ant: 1>Animal['ant']  # returns <Animal.ant: 1> (string lookup)Animal.ant.name  # returns 'ant' (inverse lookup)

or equivalently:

class Animal(Enum):    ant = 1    bee = 2    cat = 3    dog = 4

In earlier versions, one way of accomplishing enums is:

def enum(**enums):    return type('Enum', (), enums)

which is used like so:

>>> Numbers = enum(ONE=1, TWO=2, THREE='three')>>> Numbers.ONE1>>> Numbers.TWO2>>> Numbers.THREE'three'

You can also easily support automatic enumeration with something like this:

def enum(*sequential, **named):    enums = dict(zip(sequential, range(len(sequential))), **named)    return type('Enum', (), enums)

and used like so:

>>> Numbers = enum('ZERO', 'ONE', 'TWO')>>> Numbers.ZERO0>>> Numbers.ONE1

Support for converting the values back to names can be added this way:

def enum(*sequential, **named):    enums = dict(zip(sequential, range(len(sequential))), **named)    reverse = dict((value, key) for key, value in enums.iteritems())    enums['reverse_mapping'] = reverse    return type('Enum', (), enums)

This overwrites anything with that name, but it is useful for rendering your enums in output. It will throw a KeyError if the reverse mapping doesn't exist. With the first example:

>>> Numbers.reverse_mapping['three']'THREE'

If you are using MyPy another way to express "enums" is with typing.Literal.

For example:

from typing import Literal #python >=3.8from typing_extensions import Literal #python 2.7, 3.4-3.7Animal = Literal['ant', 'bee', 'cat', 'dog']def hello_animal(animal: Animal):    print(f"hello {animal}")hello_animal('rock') # errorhello_animal('bee') # passes


Before PEP 435, Python didn't have an equivalent but you could implement your own.

Myself, I like keeping it simple (I've seen some horribly complex examples on the net), something like this ...

class Animal:    DOG = 1    CAT = 2x = Animal.DOG

In Python 3.4 (PEP 435), you can make Enum the base class. This gets you a little bit of extra functionality, described in the PEP. For example, enum members are distinct from integers, and they are composed of a name and a value.

from enum import Enumclass Animal(Enum):    DOG = 1    CAT = 2print(Animal.DOG)# <Animal.DOG: 1>print(Animal.DOG.value)# 1print(Animal.DOG.name)# "DOG"

If you don't want to type the values, use the following shortcut:

class Animal(Enum):    DOG, CAT = range(2)

Enum implementations can be converted to lists and are iterable. The order of its members is the declaration order and has nothing to do with their values. For example:

class Animal(Enum):    DOG = 1    CAT = 2    COW = 0list(Animal)# [<Animal.DOG: 1>, <Animal.CAT: 2>, <Animal.COW: 0>][animal.value for animal in Animal]# [1, 2, 0]Animal.CAT in Animal# True


Here is one implementation:

class Enum(set):    def __getattr__(self, name):        if name in self:            return name        raise AttributeError

Here is its usage:

Animals = Enum(["DOG", "CAT", "HORSE"])print(Animals.DOG)