Does Python have an immutable list?

Yes. It's called a tuple.

So, instead of [1,2] which is a list and which can be mutated, (1,2) is a tuple and cannot.

Further Information:

A one-element tuple cannot be instantiated by writing (1), instead, you need to write (1,). This is because the interpreter has various other uses for parentheses.

You can also do away with parentheses altogether: 1,2 is the same as (1,2)

Note that a tuple is not exactly an immutable list. Click here to read more about the differences between lists and tuples

Here is an ImmutableList implementation. The underlying list is not exposed in any direct data member. Still, it can be accessed using the closure property of the member function. If we follow the convention of not modifying the contents of closure using the above property, this implementation will serve the purpose. Instance of this ImmutableList class can be used anywhere a normal python list is expected.

from functools import reduce__author__ = 'hareesh'class ImmutableList:    """    An unmodifiable List class which uses a closure to wrap the original list.    Since nothing is truly private in python, even closures can be accessed and    modified using the __closure__ member of a function. As, long as this is    not done by the client, this can be considered as an unmodifiable list.    This is a wrapper around the python list class    which is passed in the constructor while creating an instance of this class.    The second optional argument to the constructor 'copy_input_list' specifies    whether to make a copy of the input list and use it to create the immutable    list. To make the list truly immutable, this has to be set to True. The    default value is False, which makes this a mere wrapper around the input    list. In scenarios where the input list handle is not available to other    pieces of code, for modification, this approach is fine. (E.g., scenarios    where the input list is created as a local variable within a function OR    it is a part of a library for which there is no public API to get a handle    to the list).    The instance of this class can be used in almost all scenarios where a    normal python list can be used. For eg:    01. It can be used in a for loop    02. It can be used to access elements by index i.e. immList[i]    03. It can be clubbed with other python lists and immutable lists. If        lst is a python list and imm is an immutable list, the following can be        performed to get a clubbed list:        ret_list = lst + imm        ret_list = imm + lst        ret_list = imm + imm    04. It can be multiplied by an integer to increase the size        (imm * 4 or 4 * imm)    05. It can be used in the slicing operator to extract sub lists (imm[3:4] or        imm[:3] or imm[4:])    06. The len method can be used to get the length of the immutable list.    07. It can be compared with other immutable and python lists using the        >, <, ==, <=, >= and != operators.    08. Existence of an element can be checked with 'in' clause as in the case        of normal python lists. (e.g. '2' in imm)    09. The copy, count and index methods behave in the same manner as python        lists.    10. The str() method can be used to print a string representation of the        list similar to the python list.    """    @staticmethod    def _list_append(lst, val):        """        Private utility method used to append a value to an existing list and        return the list itself (so that it can be used in funcutils.reduce        method for chained invocations.        @param lst: List to which value is to be appended        @param val: The value to append to the list        @return: The input list with an extra element added at the end.        """        lst.append(val)        return lst    @staticmethod    def _methods_impl(lst, func_id, *args):        """        This static private method is where all the delegate methods are        implemented. This function should be invoked with reference to the        input list, the function id and other arguments required to        invoke the function        @param list: The list that the Immutable list wraps.        @param func_id: should be the key of one of the functions listed in the            'functions' dictionary, within the method.        @param args: Arguments required to execute the function. Can be empty        @return: The execution result of the function specified by the func_id        """        # returns iterator of the wrapped list, so that for loop and other        # functions relying on the iterable interface can work.        _il_iter = lambda: lst.__iter__()        _il_get_item = lambda: lst[args[0]]  # index access method.        _il_len = lambda: len(lst)  # length of the list        _il_str = lambda: lst.__str__()  # string function        # Following represent the >, < , >=, <=, ==, != operators.        _il_gt = lambda: lst.__gt__(args[0])        _il_lt = lambda: lst.__lt__(args[0])        _il_ge = lambda: lst.__ge__(args[0])        _il_le = lambda: lst.__le__(args[0])        _il_eq = lambda: lst.__eq__(args[0])        _il_ne = lambda: lst.__ne__(args[0])        # The following is to check for existence of an element with the        # in clause.        _il_contains = lambda: lst.__contains__(args[0])        # * operator with an integer to multiply the list size.        _il_mul = lambda: lst.__mul__(args[0])        # + operator to merge with another list and return a new merged        # python list.        _il_add = lambda: reduce(            lambda x, y: ImmutableList._list_append(x, y), args[0], list(lst))        # Reverse + operator, to have python list as the first operand of the        # + operator.        _il_radd = lambda: reduce(            lambda x, y: ImmutableList._list_append(x, y), lst, list(args[0]))        # Reverse * operator. (same as the * operator)        _il_rmul = lambda: lst.__mul__(args[0])        # Copy, count and index methods.        _il_copy = lambda: lst.copy()        _il_count = lambda: lst.count(args[0])        _il_index = lambda: lst.index(            args[0], args[1], args[2] if args[2] else len(lst))        functions = {0: _il_iter, 1: _il_get_item, 2: _il_len, 3: _il_str,                     4: _il_gt, 5: _il_lt, 6: _il_ge, 7: _il_le, 8: _il_eq,                     9: _il_ne, 10: _il_contains, 11: _il_add, 12: _il_mul,                     13: _il_radd, 14: _il_rmul, 15: _il_copy, 16: _il_count,                     17: _il_index}        return functions[func_id]()    def __init__(self, input_lst, copy_input_list=False):        """        Constructor of the Immutable list. Creates a dynamic function/closure        that wraps the input list, which can be later passed to the        _methods_impl static method defined above. This is        required to avoid maintaining the input list as a data member, to        prevent the caller from accessing and modifying it.        @param input_lst: The input list to be wrapped by the Immutable list.        @param copy_input_list: specifies whether to clone the input list and            use the clone in the instance. See class documentation for more            details.        @return:        """        assert(isinstance(input_lst, list))        lst = list(input_lst) if copy_input_list else input_lst        self._delegate_fn = lambda func_id, *args: \            ImmutableList._methods_impl(lst, func_id, *args)    # All overridden methods.    def __iter__(self): return self._delegate_fn(0)    def __getitem__(self, index): return self._delegate_fn(1, index)    def __len__(self): return self._delegate_fn(2)    def __str__(self): return self._delegate_fn(3)    def __gt__(self, other): return self._delegate_fn(4, other)    def __lt__(self, other): return self._delegate_fn(5, other)    def __ge__(self, other): return self._delegate_fn(6, other)    def __le__(self, other): return self._delegate_fn(7, other)    def __eq__(self, other): return self._delegate_fn(8, other)    def __ne__(self, other): return self._delegate_fn(9, other)    def __contains__(self, item): return self._delegate_fn(10, item)    def __add__(self, other): return self._delegate_fn(11, other)    def __mul__(self, other): return self._delegate_fn(12, other)    def __radd__(self, other): return self._delegate_fn(13, other)    def __rmul__(self, other): return self._delegate_fn(14, other)    def copy(self): return self._delegate_fn(15)    def count(self, value): return self._delegate_fn(16, value)    def index(self, value, start=0, stop=0):        return self._delegate_fn(17, value, start, stop)def main():    lst1 = ['a', 'b', 'c']    lst2 = ['p', 'q', 'r', 's']    imm1 = ImmutableList(lst1)    imm2 = ImmutableList(lst2)    print('Imm1 = ' + str(imm1))    print('Imm2 = ' + str(imm2))    add_lst1 = lst1 + imm1    print('Liist + Immutable List: ' + str(add_lst1))    add_lst2 = imm1 + lst2    print('Immutable List + List: ' + str(add_lst2))    add_lst3 = imm1 + imm2    print('Immutable Liist + Immutable List: ' + str(add_lst3))    is_in_list = 'a' in lst1    print("Is 'a' in lst1 ? " + str(is_in_list))    slice1 = imm1[2:]    slice2 = imm2[2:4]    slice3 = imm2[:3]    print('Slice 1: ' + str(slice1))    print('Slice 2: ' + str(slice2))    print('Slice 3: ' + str(slice3))    imm1_times_3 = imm1 * 3    print('Imm1 Times 3 = ' + str(imm1_times_3))    three_times_imm2 = 3 * imm2    print('3 Times Imm2 = ' + str(three_times_imm2))    # For loop    print('Imm1 in For Loop: ', end=' ')    for x in imm1:        print(x, end=' ')    print()    print("3rd Element in Imm1: '" + imm1[2] + "'")    # Compare lst1 and imm1    lst1_eq_imm1 = lst1 == imm1    print("Are lst1 and imm1 equal? " + str(lst1_eq_imm1))    imm2_eq_lst1 = imm2 == lst1    print("Are imm2 and lst1 equal? " + str(imm2_eq_lst1))    imm2_not_eq_lst1 = imm2 != lst1    print("Are imm2 and lst1 different? " + str(imm2_not_eq_lst1))    # Finally print the immutable lists again.    print("Imm1 = " + str(imm1))    print("Imm2 = " + str(imm2))    # The following statemetns will give errors.    # imm1[3] = 'h'    # print(imm1)    # imm1.append('d')    # print(imm1)if __name__ == '__main__':    main()

You can simulate a Lisp-style immutable singly-linked list using two-element tuples (note: this is different than the any-element tuple answer, which creates a tuple that's much less flexible):

nil = ()cons = lambda ele, l: (ele, l)

e.g. for the list [1, 2, 3], you would have the following:

l = cons(1, cons(2, cons(3, nil))) # (1, (2, (3, ())))

Your standard car and cdr functions are straightforward:

car = lambda l: l[0]cdr = lambda l: l[1]

Since this list is singly linked, appending to the front is O(1). Since this list is immutable, if the underlying elements in the list are also immutable, then you can safely share any sublist to be reused in another list.