Does joined() or flatMap(_:) perform better in Swift 3?

TL; DR

When it comes just to flattening 2D arrays (without any transformations or separators applied, see @dfri's answer for more info about that aspect), array.flatMap{$0} and Array(array.joined()) are both conceptually the same and have similar performance.

The main difference between flatMap(_:) and joined() (note that this isn't a new method, it has just been renamed from flatten()) is that joined() is always lazily applied (for arrays, it returns a special FlattenBidirectionalCollection<Base>).

Therefore in terms of performance, it makes sense to use joined() over flatMap(_:) in situations where you only want to iterate over part of a flattened sequence (without applying any transformations). For example:

let array2D = [[2, 3], [8, 10], [9, 5], [4, 8]]if array2D.joined().contains(8) {    print("contains 8")} else {    print("doesn't contain 8")}

Because joined() is lazily applied & contains(_:) will stop iterating upon finding a match, only the first two inner arrays will have to be 'flattened' to find the element 8 from the 2D array. Although, as @dfri correctly notes below, you are also able to lazily apply flatMap(_:) through the use of a LazySequence/LazyCollection – which can be created through the lazy property. This would be ideal for lazily applying both a transformation & flattening a given 2D sequence.

In cases where joined() is iterated fully through, it is conceptually no different from using flatMap{$0}. Therefore, these are all valid (and conceptually identical) ways of flattening a 2D array:

array2D.joined().map{$0}

Array(array2D.joined())

array2D.flatMap{$0}

In terms of performance, flatMap(_:) is documented as having a time-complexity of:

O(m + n), where m is the length of this sequence and n is the length of the result

This is because its implementation is simply:

  public func flatMap<SegmentOfResult : Sequence>(    _ transform: (${GElement}) throws -> SegmentOfResult  ) rethrows -> [SegmentOfResult.${GElement}] {    var result: [SegmentOfResult.${GElement}] = []    for element in self {      result.append(contentsOf: try transform(element))    }    return result  }}

As append(contentsOf:) has a time-complexity of O(n), where n is the length of sequence to append, we get an overall time-complexity of O(m + n), where m will be total length of all sequences appended, and n is the length of the 2D sequence.

When it comes to joined(), there is no documented time-complexity, as it is lazily applied. However, the main bit of source code to consider is the implementation of FlattenIterator, which is used to iterate over the flattened contents of a 2D sequence (which will occur upon using map(_:) or the Array(_:) initialiser with joined()).

  public mutating func next() -> Base.Element.Iterator.Element? {    repeat {      if _fastPath(_inner != nil) {        let ret = _inner!.next()        if _fastPath(ret != nil) {          return ret        }      }      let s = _base.next()      if _slowPath(s == nil) {        return nil      }      _inner = s!.makeIterator()    }    while true  } 

Here _base is the base 2D sequence, _inner is the current iterator from one of the inner sequences, and _fastPath & _slowPath are hints to the compiler to aid with branch prediction.

Assuming I'm interpreting this code correctly & the full sequence is iterated through, this also has a time complexity of O(m + n), where m is the length of the sequence, and n is the length of the result. This is because it goes through each outer iterator and each inner iterator to get the flattened elements.

So, performance wise, Array(array.joined()) and array.flatMap{$0} both have the same time complexity.

If we run a quick benchmark in a debug build (Swift 3.1):

import QuartzCorefunc benchmark(repeatCount:Int = 1, name:String? = nil, closure:() -> ()) {    let d = CACurrentMediaTime()    for _ in 0..<repeatCount {        closure()    }    let d1 = CACurrentMediaTime()-d    print("Benchmark of \(name ?? "closure") took \(d1) seconds")}let arr = [[Int]](repeating: [Int](repeating: 0, count: 1000), count: 1000)benchmark {    _ = arr.flatMap{$0} // 0.00744s}benchmark {    _ = Array(arr.joined()) // 0.525s}benchmark {    _ = arr.joined().map{$0} // 1.421s}

flatMap(_:) appears to be the fastest. I suspect that joined() being slower could be due to the branching that occurs within the FlattenIterator (although the hints to the compiler minimise this cost) – although just why map(_:) is so slow, I'm not too sure. Would certainly be interested to know if anyone else knows more about this.

However, in an optimised build, the compiler is able to optimise away this big performance difference; giving all three options comparable speed, although flatMap(_:) is still fastest by a fraction of a second:

let arr = [[Int]](repeating: [Int](repeating: 0, count: 10000), count: 1000)benchmark {    let result = arr.flatMap{$0} // 0.0910s    print(result.count)}benchmark {    let result = Array(arr.joined()) // 0.118s    print(result.count)}benchmark {    let result = arr.joined().map{$0} // 0.149s    print(result.count)}

(Note that the order in which the tests are performed can affect the results – both of above results are an average from performing the tests in the various different orders)