I've found the proper way to return XML to a client in ASP.NET. I think if I point out the wrong ways, it will make the right way more understandable.

Incorrect:

Response.Write(doc.ToString());

Incorrect:

Response.Write(doc.InnerXml);

Incorrect:

Response.ContentType = "text/xml";Response.ContentEncoding = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8;doc.Save(Response.OutputStream);

Correct:

Response.ContentType = "text/xml"; //Must be 'text/xml'Response.ContentEncoding = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8; //We'd like UTF-8doc.Save(Response.Output); //Save to the text-writer      //using the encoding of the text-writer      //(which comes from response.contentEncoding)

Use a TextWriter

Do not use Response.OutputStream

Do use Response.Output

Both are streams, but Output is a TextWriter. When an XmlDocument saves itself to a TextWriter, it will use the encoding specified by that TextWriter. The XmlDocument will automatically change the xml declaration node to match the encoding used by the TextWriter. e.g. in this case the XML declaration node:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>

would become

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

This is because the TextWriter has been set to UTF-8. (More on this in a moment). As the TextWriter is fed character data, it will encode it with the byte sequences appropriate for its set encoding.

Incorrect:

doc.Save(Response.OutputStream);

In this example the document is incorrectly saved to the OutputStream, which performs no encoding change, and may not match the response's content-encoding or the XML declaration node's specified encoding.

Correct

doc.Save(Response.Output);

The XML document is correctly saved to a TextWriter object, ensuring the encoding is properly handled.

Set Encoding

The encoding given to the client in the header:

Response.ContentEncoding = ...

must match the XML document's encoding:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="..."?>

must match the actual encoding present in the byte sequences sent to the client. To make all three of these things agree, set the single line:

Response.ContentEncoding = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8;

When the encoding is set on the Response object, it sets the same encoding on the TextWriter. The encoding set of the TextWriter causes the XmlDocument to change the xml declaration:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

when the document is Saved:

doc.Save(someTextWriter);

Save to the response Output

You do not want to save the document to a binary stream, or write a string:

Incorrect:

doc.Save(Response.OutputStream);

Here the XML is incorrectly saved to a binary stream. The final byte encoding sequence won't match the XML declaration, or the web-server response's content-encoding.

Incorrect:

Response.Write(doc.ToString());Response.Write(doc.InnerXml);

Here the XML is incorrectly converted to a string, which does not have an encoding. The XML declaration node is not updated to reflect the encoding of the response, and the response is not properly encoded to match the response's encoding. Also, storing the XML in an intermediate string wastes memory.

You don't want to save the XML to a string, or stuff the XML into a string and response.Write a string, because that:

- doesn't follow the encoding specified- doesn't set the XML declaration node to match- wastes memory

Do use doc.Save(Response.Output);

Do not use doc.Save(Response.OutputStream);

Do not use Response.Write(doc.ToString());

Do not use 'Response.Write(doc.InnerXml);`

Set the content-type

The Response's ContentType must be set to "text/xml". If not, the client will not know you are sending it XML.

Final Answer

Response.Clear(); //Optional: if we've sent anything beforeResponse.ContentType = "text/xml"; //Must be 'text/xml'Response.ContentEncoding = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8; //We'd like UTF-8doc.Save(Response.Output); //Save to the text-writer    //using the encoding of the text-writer    //(which comes from response.contentEncoding)Response.End(); //Optional: will end processing

Complete Example

Rob Kennedy had the good point that I failed to include the start-to-finish example.

GetPatronInformation.ashx:

<%@ WebHandler Language="C#" Class="Handler" %>using System;using System.Web;using System.Xml;using System.IO;using System.Data.Common;//Why a "Handler" and not a full ASP.NET form?//Because many people online critisized my original solution//that involved the aspx (and cutting out all the HTML in the front file),//noting the overhead of a full viewstate build-up/tear-down and processing,//when it's not a web-form at all. (It's a pure processing.)public class Handler : IHttpHandler{   public void ProcessRequest(HttpContext context)   {      //GetXmlToShow will look for parameters from the context      XmlDocument doc = GetXmlToShow(context);      //Don't forget to set a valid xml type.      //If you leave the default "text/html", the browser will refuse to display it correctly      context.Response.ContentType = "text/xml";      //We'd like UTF-8.      context.Response.ContentEncoding = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8;      //context.Response.ContentEncoding = System.Text.Encoding.UnicodeEncoding; //But no reason you couldn't use UTF-16:      //context.Response.ContentEncoding = System.Text.Encoding.UTF32; //Or UTF-32      //context.Response.ContentEncoding = new System.Text.Encoding(500); //Or EBCDIC (500 is the code page for IBM EBCDIC International)      //context.Response.ContentEncoding = System.Text.Encoding.ASCII; //Or ASCII      //context.Response.ContentEncoding = new System.Text.Encoding(28591); //Or ISO8859-1      //context.Response.ContentEncoding = new System.Text.Encoding(1252); //Or Windows-1252 (a version of ISO8859-1, but with 18 useful characters where they were empty spaces)      //Tell the client don't cache it (it's too volatile)      //Commenting out NoCache allows the browser to cache the results (so they can view the XML source)      //But leaves the possiblity that the browser might not request a fresh copy      //context.Response.Cache.SetCacheability(HttpCacheability.NoCache);      //And now we tell the browser that it expires immediately, and the cached copy you have should be refreshed      context.Response.Expires = -1;      context.Response.Cache.SetAllowResponseInBrowserHistory(true); //"works around an Internet Explorer bug"      doc.Save(context.Response.Output); //doc saves itself to the textwriter, using the encoding of the text-writer (which comes from response.contentEncoding)      #region Notes      /*       * 1. Use Response.Output, and NOT Response.OutputStream.       *  Both are streams, but Output is a TextWriter.       *  When an XmlDocument saves itself to a TextWriter, it will use the encoding       *  specified by the TextWriter. The XmlDocument will automatically change any       *  XML declaration node, i.e.:       *     <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>       *  to match the encoding used by the Response.Output's encoding setting       * 2. The Response.Output TextWriter's encoding settings comes from the       *  Response.ContentEncoding value.       * 3. Use doc.Save, not Response.Write(doc.ToString()) or Response.Write(doc.InnerXml)       * 3. You DON'T want to save the XML to a string, or stuff the XML into a string       *  and response.Write that, because that       *   - doesn't follow the encoding specified       *   - wastes memory       *       * To sum up: by Saving to a TextWriter: the XML Declaration node, the XML contents,       * and the HTML Response content-encoding will all match.       */      #endregion Notes   }   private XmlDocument GetXmlToShow(HttpContext context)   {      //Use context.Request to get the account number they want to return      //GET /GetPatronInformation.ashx?accountNumber=619      //Or since this is sample code, pull XML out of your rear:      XmlDocument doc = new XmlDocument();      doc.LoadXml("<Patron><Name>Rob Kennedy</Name></Patron>");      return doc;   }   public bool IsReusable { get { return false; } }}

Ideally you would use an ashx to send XML although I do allow code in an ASPX to intercept normal execution.

Response.Clear()

I don't use this if you not sure you've dumped anything in the response already the go find it and get rid of it.

Response.ContentType = "text/xml"

Definitely, a common client will not accept the content as XML without this content type present.

 Response.Charset = "UTF-8";

Let the response class handle building the content type header properly. Use UTF-8 unless you have a really, really good reason not to.

Response.Cache.SetCacheability(HttpCacheability.NoCache);Response.Cache.SetAllowResponseInBrowserHistory(true);

If you don't send cache headers some browsers (namely IE) will cache the response, subsequent requests will not necessarily come to the server. You also need to AllowResponseInBrowser if you want this to work over HTTPS (due to yet another bug in IE).

To send content of an XmlDocument simply use:

dom.Save(Response.OutputStream);

dom.Save(Response.Output);

Response.End()