try this
ws.Cell(rowCounter, colCounter).SetValue<string>(Convert.ToString(fieldValue));
Not sure about from ClosedXML, but maybe try Range.NumberFormat (MSDN Link)
For example...
Range("A1").NumberFormat = "@"
Or
Selection.NumberFormat = "#/####"
Consider:
tableRow.Cell(1).Value = "'2/1997";
Note the single quote.