Does Function pointer make the program slow?

You see, in situations that actually matter from the performance point of view, like calling the function repeatedly many times in a cycle, the performance might not be different at all.

This might sound strange to people, who are used to thinking about C code as something executed by an abstract C machine whose "machine language" closely mirrors the C language itself. In such context, "by default" an indirect call to a function is indeed slower than a direct one, because it formally involves an extra memory access in order to determine the target of the call.

However, in real life the code is executed by a real machine and compiled by an optimizing compiler that has a pretty good knowledge of the underlying machine architecture, which helps it to generate the most optimal code for that specific machine. And on many platforms it might turn out that the most efficient way to perform a function call from a cycle actually results in identical code for both direct and indirect call, leading to the identical performance of the two.

Consider, for example, the x86 platform. If we "literally" translate a direct and indirect call into machine code, we might end up with something like this

// Direct calldo-it-many-times  call 0x12345678// Indirect calldo-it-many-times  call dword ptr [0x67890ABC]

The former uses an immediate operand in the machine instruction and is indeed normally faster than the latter, which has to read the data from some independent memory location.

At this point let's remember that x86 architecture actually has one more way to supply an operand to the call instruction. It is supplying the target address in a register. And a very important thing about this format is that it is normally faster than both of the above. What does this mean for us? This means that a good optimizing compiler must and will take advantage of that fact. In order to implement the above cycle, the compiler will try to use a call through a register in both cases. If it succeeds, the final code might look as follows

// Direct callmov eax, 0x12345678do-it-many-times  call eax// Indirect callmov eax, dword ptr [0x67890ABC]do-it-many-times  call eax

Note, that now the part that matters - the actual call in the cycle body - is exactly and precisely the same in both cases. Needless to say, the performance is going to be virtually identical.

One might even say, however strange it might sound, that on this platform a direct call (a call with an immediate operand in call) is slower than an indirect call as long as the operand of the indirect call is supplied in a register (as opposed to being stored in memory).

Of course, the whole thing is not as easy in general case. The compiler has to deal with limited availability of registers, aliasing issues etc. But is such simplistic cases as the one in your example (and even in much more complicated ones) the above optimization will be carried out by a good compiler and will completely eliminate any difference in performance between a cyclic direct call and a cyclic indirect call. This optimization works especially well in C++, when calling a virtual function, since in a typical implementation the pointers involved are fully controlled by the compiler, giving it full knowledge of the aliasing picture and other relevant stuff.

Of course, there's always a question of whether your compiler is smart enough to optimize things like that...

I think when people say this they're referring to the fact that using function pointers may prevent compiler optimizations (inlining) and processor optimizations (branch prediction). However, if function pointers are an effective way to accomplish something that you're trying to do, chances are that any other method of doing it would have the same drawbacks.

And unless your function pointers are being used in tight loops in a performance critical application or on a very slow embedded system, chances are the difference is negligible anyway.

A lot of people have put in some good answers, but I still think there's a point being missed. Function pointers do add an extra dereference which makes them several cycles slower, that number can increase based on poor branch prediction (which incidentally has almost nothing to do with the function pointer itself). Additionally functions called via a pointer cannot be inlined. But what people are missing is that most people use function pointers as an optimization.

The most common place you will find function pointers in c/c++ APIs is as callback functions. The reason so many APIs do this is because writing a system that invokes a function pointer whenever events occur is much more efficient than other methods like message passing. Personally I've also used function pointers as part of a more-complex input processing system, where each key on the keyboard has a function pointer mapped to it via a jump table. This allowed me to remove any branching or logic from the input system and merely handle the key press coming in.