Object-orientation in C

I would advise against preprocessor (ab)use to try and make C syntax more like that of another more object-oriented language. At the most basic level, you just use plain structs as objects and pass them around by pointers:

struct monkey{    float age;    bool is_male;    int happiness;};void monkey_dance(struct monkey *monkey){    /* do a little dance */}

To get things like inheritance and polymorphism, you have to work a little harder. You can do manual inheritance by having the first member of a structure be an instance of the superclass, and then you can cast around pointers to base and derived classes freely:

struct base{    /* base class members */};struct derived{    struct base super;    /* derived class members */};struct derived d;struct base *base_ptr = (struct base *)&d;  // upcaststruct derived *derived_ptr = (struct derived *)base_ptr;  // downcast

To get polymorphism (i.e. virtual functions), you use function pointers, and optionally function pointer tables, also known as virtual tables or vtables:

struct base;struct base_vtable{    void (*dance)(struct base *);    void (*jump)(struct base *, int how_high);};struct base{    struct base_vtable *vtable;    /* base members */};void base_dance(struct base *b){    b->vtable->dance(b);}void base_jump(struct base *b, int how_high){    b->vtable->jump(b, how_high);}struct derived1{    struct base super;    /* derived1 members */};void derived1_dance(struct derived1 *d){    /* implementation of derived1's dance function */}void derived1_jump(struct derived1 *d, int how_high){    /* implementation of derived 1's jump function */}/* global vtable for derived1 */struct base_vtable derived1_vtable ={    &derived1_dance, /* you might get a warning here about incompatible pointer types */    &derived1_jump   /* you can ignore it, or perform a cast to get rid of it */};void derived1_init(struct derived1 *d){    d->super.vtable = &derived1_vtable;    /* init base members d->super.foo */    /* init derived1 members d->foo */}struct derived2{    struct base super;    /* derived2 members */};void derived2_dance(struct derived2 *d){    /* implementation of derived2's dance function */}void derived2_jump(struct derived2 *d, int how_high){    /* implementation of derived2's jump function */}struct base_vtable derived2_vtable ={   &derived2_dance,   &derived2_jump};void derived2_init(struct derived2 *d){    d->super.vtable = &derived2_vtable;    /* init base members d->super.foo */    /* init derived1 members d->foo */}int main(void){    /* OK!  We're done with our declarations, now we can finally do some       polymorphism in C */    struct derived1 d1;    derived1_init(&d1);    struct derived2 d2;    derived2_init(&d2);    struct base *b1_ptr = (struct base *)&d1;    struct base *b2_ptr = (struct base *)&d2;    base_dance(b1_ptr);  /* calls derived1_dance */    base_dance(b2_ptr);  /* calls derived2_dance */    base_jump(b1_ptr, 42);  /* calls derived1_jump */    base_jump(b2_ptr, 42);  /* calls derived2_jump */    return 0;}

And that's how you do polymorphism in C. It ain't pretty, but it does the job. There are some sticky issues involving pointer casts between base and derived classes, which are safe as long as the base class is the first member of the derived class. Multiple inheritance is much harder - in that case, in order to case between base classes other than the first, you need to manually adjust your pointers based on the proper offsets, which is really tricky and error-prone.

Another (tricky) thing you can do is change the dynamic type of an object at runtime! You just reassign it a new vtable pointer. You can even selectively change some of the virtual functions while keeping others, creating new hybrid types. Just be careful to create a new vtable instead of modifying the global vtable, otherwise you'll accidentally affect all objects of a given type.

I once worked with a C library that was implemented in a way that struck me as quite elegant. They had written, in C, a way to define objects, then inherit from them so that they were as extensible as a C++ object. The basic idea was this:

• Each object had its own file
• Public functions and variables are defined in the .h file for an object
• Private variables and functions were only located in the .c file
• To "inherit" a new struct is created with the first member of the struct being the object to inherit from

Inheriting is difficult to describe, but basically it was this:

struct vehicle {   int power;   int weight;}

Then in another file:

struct van {   struct vehicle base;   int cubic_size;}

Then you could have a van created in memory, and being used by code that only knew about vehicles:

struct van my_van;struct vehicle *something = &my_van;vehicle_function( something );

It worked beautifully, and the .h files defined exactly what you should be able to do with each object.

C Object System (COS) sounds promising (it's still in alpha version). It tries to keep minimal the available concepts for the sake of simplicity and flexibility: uniform object oriented programming including open classes, metaclasses, property metaclasses, generics, multimethods, delegation, ownership, exceptions, contracts and closures. There is a draft paper (PDF) that describes it.

Exception in C is a C89 implementation of the TRY-CATCH-FINALLY found in other OO languages. It comes with a testsuite and some examples.

Both by Laurent Deniau, which is working a lot on OOP in C.