Can I pass arguments into docker-compose the command config option
Please (re)read the docker-compose docs, in docker-compose.yml command refers to the actual command executed inside the container, not the options you pass to docker run. Your example translates to:
rstudio: image: rocker-hadleyverse ports: - "8787:8787" environment: - USER=foo - PASSWORD=bar links: - dbTo detach after container start use docker-compose up -d.