Emulating Raspberry Pi with Docker on OS X
Based on the answers and comments to similar questions - such as this one on the Raspberry Pi Stack Exchange site I think that the short answer to "no" (or at least not without a lot of effort)
Your problem is that as mentioned in the comments Docker doesn't do full-on virtualisation (that's kind of the point of it) so you can't get an ARM Raspbian Docker image and run it on an x86 Virtualbox host - which is what it sounds like you'd like to do.
The Docker image needs to be built for the same architecture as the host system. you get the same problem if you try to run x86 Docker images on the Raspberry Pi if it is acting as a Docker host.
By way of a solution - what I'd suggest is running a Debian VM on your Mac. Raspbian is close enough to Debian that you'll have a fairly "Pi-like" environment to develop in and can copy your code to an SD card when you're done.
If you want an easy way to manage the configuration so that the number of cores, RAM, disk space etc matches your Pi, then Vagrant may be a good solution.