how to place and use headless chrome binary on jenkins (linux) instance
About "using Chrome 60 (beta) binary by giving binary location in chrome options in windows environment.", you don't really need to, protractor gives you a way to specify tags to run the chrome binary:
https://github.com/angular/protractor/blob/master/docs/browser-setup.md#using-headless-chrome
I don't think you have a node module to install chrome, or at least something reliable as the google chrome itself, so what I've done was installing google chrome on my ubuntu server that runs the jenkins slave, and you now have a google-chrome binary you can run with --headless.
Previously my jenkins slave was running on a CentOS but I had a really hard time setting up chrome on it so changed to ubuntu.