Make Android jenkins build fail if tests fail
Consider using 'the-missing-android-xml-junit-test-runner' - the idea being to produce jUnit reports that Jenkins understands. Disclaimer: I do have no personal experience with adb. However, I do know from experience that Jenkins deals with properly generated jUnit reports very gracefully.
This is possible, configure the server using the following documentation:
https://wiki.jenkins-ci.org/display/JENKINS/Android+Emulator+Plugin
See "Parsing monkey output" in the link.
Addition, Jenkins can test instrumentation, below have a link of a good place to start in the learning of instrumentation:
http://developer.android.com/resources/tutorials/testing/helloandroid_test.html
I hope it is useful.