Kubernetes + Minikube - How to see all stdout output?

As shown in this article, kubectl logs pod apod should show you stdout and stderr for a pod deployed in a minikube.

By default in Kubernetes, Docker is configured to write a container's stdout and stderr to a file under /var/log/containers on the host system

Kubernetes adds:

There are two types of system components: those that run in a container and those that do not run in a container.
For example:

• The Kubernetes scheduler and kube-proxy run in a container.
• The kubelet and container runtime, for example Docker, do not run in containers.

And:

• On machines with systemd, the kubelet and container runtime write to journald.
• If systemd is not present, they write to .log files in the /var/log directory.

Similarly to the container logs, system component logs in the /var/log directory should be rotated.
In Kubernetes clusters brought up by the kube-up.sh script, those logs are configured to be rotated by the logrotate tool daily or once the size exceeds 100MB.

I presume it's because it only shows stderr?

Not really, unless something specific is disabled in your container or pod spec. I assume you are using Docker so then the default it's to output stdout and stderr and that's what you see when you do a kubectl logs <pod-name>

What can I do to see all types of console logs (e.g. from puts or raise)?

You should see them in the container logs. It would help to post your pod or deployment definition.