Is it safe to recompile an executable while it's running?

Since this is a conventional compiler, that writes out an executable file, let's follow it in Linux.

The first thing to know is that a Linux filename doesn't directly refer to the file, but rather to a directory entry, which is independent of the filename. A file doesn't actually need to have a filename, but if it doesn't it will be difficult to refer to it.

If a process is using a file, and you replace or delete it, the process will continue using that file through its directory entry. Any new process using the file, or looking it up, will get the new version (if you replaced it) or fail to find it (if you deleted it). Once all the processes are through with the old file, it will be deleted from the file system.

Therefore, if you recompile and create a new executable of the same name, you won't affect the running process. It will continue to use the old executable. Any new process that tries to open the file will get the new one. If you've got system("foo"); in a loop, each time it executes it it will see what the filename foo means right then.

Windows handles files differently. In general, if there's a process using a file, the file is locked and may not be deleted or replaced.

It depends.

If the OS read the whole of the executable into memory and doesn't refer back to the disk image then yes you can recompile it while it was "in use".

In practice this doesn't always happen. If the OS keeps a file handle open (like Windows does) on the executable this will prevent the file being deleted and/or overwritten.

With Linux/Unix it is possible to overwrite a file that's "in use". See David Thornley's answer for a detailed explanation.

In Windows you can't delete a locked file but what most people don't know is that you can move or rename a running exe.

So you could

• move the old exe to a temp directory on the same drive
• schedule it for deletion on the next reboot: MoveFileEx(name, NULL, MOVEFILE_DELAY_UNTIL_REBOOT);
• move a new exe in its place.

The old program will keep running but new processes will use the new file.