Best way to manage thread pool against database queue

Depending on which version of the .NET Framework you have two pretty good options.

You can use ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem in any version.

int pending = table.Rows.Count;var finished = new ManualResetEvent(false);foreach (DataRow row in table.Rows){  DataRow capture = row; // Required to close over the loop variable correctly.  ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem(    (state) =>    {      try      {        ProcessDataRow(capture);      }      finally      {         if (Interlocked.Decrement(ref pending) == 0)          {           finished.Set();  // Signal completion of all work items.         }      }    }, null);}finished.WaitOne(); // Wait for all work items to complete.

If you are using .NET Framework 4.0 you can use the Task Parallel Library.

var tasks = new List<Task>();foreach (DataRow row in table.Rows){  DataRow capture = row; // Required to close over the loop variable correctly.  tasks.Add(    Task.Factory.StartNew(      () =>      {        ProcessDataRow(capture);              }));}Task.WaitAll(tasks.ToArray()); // Wait for all work items to complete.

There are many other reasonable ways to do this. I highlight the patterns above because they are easy and work well. In the absence of specific details I cannot say for certain that either will be a perfect match for your situation, but they should be a good starting point.

Update:

I had a short period of subpar cerebral activity. If you have the TPL available you could also use Parallel.ForEach as a simpler method than all of that Task hocus-pocus I mentioned above.

Parallel.ForEach(table.Rows,  (DataRow row) =>  {    ProcessDataRow(row);  });

Does .NET have some sort of threadsafe queue system that I can use to make sure that the results get handled properly and in order?

This was something added in .NET 4. The BlockingCollection<T> class, by defaults, acts as a thread safe queue for producer/consumer scenarios.

It makes it fairly easy to create a number of elements that "consume" from the collection and process, with one or more elements adding to the collection.