Python: Making numpy default to float32
Not that I am aware of. You either need to specify the dtype explicitly when you call the constructor for any array, or cast an array to float32 (use the ndarray.astype method) before passing it to your GPU code (I take it this is what the question pertains to?). If it is the GPU case you are really worried about, I favor the latter - it can become very annoying to try and keep everything in single precision without an extremely thorough understanding of the numpy broadcasting rules and very carefully designed code.
Another alternative might be to create your own methods which overload the standard numpy constructors (so numpy.zeros, numpy.ones, numpy.empty). That should go pretty close to keeping everything in float32.
This question showed up on the NumPy issue tracker. The answer is:
There isn't, sorry. And I'm afraid we're unlikely to add such a thing[.]