Using Numpy (np.linalg.svd) for Singular Value Decomposition

TL;DR: numpy's SVD computes X = PDQ, so the Q is already transposed.

SVD decomposes the matrix X effectively into rotations P and Q and the diagonal matrix D. The version of linalg.svd() I have returns forward rotations for P and Q. You don't want to transform Q when you calculate X_a.

import numpy as npX = np.random.normal(size=[20,18])P, D, Q = np.linalg.svd(X, full_matrices=False)X_a = np.matmul(np.matmul(P, np.diag(D)), Q)print(np.std(X), np.std(X_a), np.std(X - X_a))

I get: 1.02, 1.02, 1.8e-15, showing that X_a very accurately reconstructs X.

If you are using Python 3, the @ operator implements matrix multiplication and makes the code easier to follow:

import numpy as npX = np.random.normal(size=[20,18])P, D, Q = np.linalg.svd(X, full_matrices=False)X_a = P @ diag(D) @ Qprint(np.std(X), np.std(X_a), np.std(X - X_a))print('Is X close to X_a?', np.isclose(X, X_a).all())

From the scipy.linalg.svd docstring, where (M,N) is the shape of the input matrix, and K is the lesser of the two:

Returns-------U : ndarray    Unitary matrix having left singular vectors as columns.    Of shape ``(M,M)`` or ``(M,K)``, depending on `full_matrices`.s : ndarray    The singular values, sorted in non-increasing order.    Of shape (K,), with ``K = min(M, N)``.Vh : ndarray    Unitary matrix having right singular vectors as rows.    Of shape ``(N,N)`` or ``(K,N)`` depending on `full_matrices`.

Vh, as described, is the transpose of the Q used in the Abdi and Williams paper. So just

X_a = P.dot(D).dot(Q)

should give you your answer.

I think there are still some important points for those who use SVD in Python/linalg library. Firstly, https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.linalg.svd.html is a good reference for SVD computation function.

Taking SVD computation as A= U D (V^T), For U, D, V = np.linalg.svd(A), this function returns V in V^T form already. Also D contains eigenvalues only, hence it has to be shaped into matrix form. Hence the reconstruction can be formed with

import numpy as npU, D, V = np.linalg.svd(A)A_reconstructed = U @ np.diag(D) @ V

The point is that, If A matrix is not a square but rectangular matrix, this won't work, you can use this instead

import numpy as npU, D, V = np.linalg.svd(A)m, n = A.shapeA_reconstructed = U[:,:n] @ np.diag(D) @ V[:m,:]

or you may use 'full_matrices=False' option in the SVD function;

import numpy as npU, D, V = np.linalg.svd(A,full_matrices=False)A_reconstructed = U @ np.diag(D) @ V