When is an autoreleased object actually released?

Yes, your functions are valid, and return objects using correct Cocoa conventions for retain/release/autorelease/copy.

To answer your question about what the runloop is, in your application's main() function, it invokes UIApplicationMain(). You can imagine UIApplicationMain looks something like this:

void int UIApplicationMain (int argc, char *argv[], NSString *principalClassName, NSString *delegateClassName) {    UIApplication *app = /* create app using principalClassName */;    [app setDelegate:/* create delegate using delegateClassName */];    while (![app shouldTerminate]) {        NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];        event = [app getNextEvent];        [app dispatchEvent:event];        [pool drain];    }}

That while loops is similar to what the UIKit is actually doing, and each trip through that while loop is like a trip through the runloop, where the function getNextEvent blocks waiting for some event to happen. All of your methods are typically called from within something like dispatchEvent:. You might try setting a break point in one of your methods, like an IBAction, and looking in the debugger call stack way up at the top to see the names of the UIKit methods that handle the events and runloop. Since each of your methods are called from within that while loop, each time you call autorelease on an object, that object is added to that outter pool in the run loop. When the current event is finished being dispatched, the pool is drained, and those objects are finally sent release messages.

One last note. There can be more than one autorelease pool, that aren't always at the end of the event loop. Sometimes you might allocate tens of thousands of objects in one trip thorough the event loop. When that happens, you might setup additional inner auto release pools in your own methods to keep the number of autoreleased objects in autorelease pools down. Auto release pools can stack.

There's nothing wrong with that code. It will compile and run as you expect.

The NSString object returned from functionA is still valid upon return since it's being passed down the stack to the next guy (functionB) who is now keeping track of it.