How to declare a static attribute in Python?

All variables defined on the class level in Python are considered static

class Example:    Variable = 2           # static variableprint Example.Variable     # prints 2   (static variable)# Access through an instanceinstance = Example()print instance.Variable    # still 2  (ordinary variable)# Change within an instance instance.Variable = 3      #(ordinary variable)print instance.Variable    # 3   (ordinary variable)print Example.Variable     # 2   (static variable)# Change through Class Example.Variable = 5       #(static variable)print instance.Variable    # 3  (ordinary variable)print Example.Variable     # 5  (static variable)

You can have two different variables in your class under the same name (one static and one ordinary).Don't be confused.

Just to add to it, you can have static variables in functions as well, not only classes:

def some_fun():    some_fun.i += 1    print(some_fun.i)some_fun.i = 0;print(some_fun(), some_fun(), some_fun())  # prints: 1,2,3  

All variables declared inside the Class' body are 'static' attributes.

class SomeClass:    # this is a class attribute    some_attr = 1    def __init__(self):        # this is an instance attribute        self.new_attr = 2

But keep in mind that the 'static' part is by convention, not imposed (for more details on this, read this SO thread).

For more details of this convention and its implications, here is a quick excerpt from the official documentation:

“Private” instance variables that cannot be accessed except from inside an object, don’t exist in Python. However, there is a convention that is followed by most Python code: a name prefixed with an underscore (e.g. _spam) should be treated as a non-public part of the API (whether it is a function, a method or a data member). It should be considered an implementation detail and subject to change without notice.

Since there is a valid use-case for class-private members (namely to avoid name clashes of names with names defined by subclasses), there is limited support for such a mechanism, called name mangling. Any identifier of the form __spam (at least two leading underscores, at most one trailing underscore) is textually replaced with _classname__spam, where classname is the current class name with leading underscore(s) stripped. This mangling is done without regard to the syntactic position of the identifier, as long as it occurs within the definition of a class.