Private members in Python
“Private” instance variables that cannot be accessed except from inside an object, don’t exist in Python. However, there is a convention that is followed by most Python code: a name prefixed with an underscore (e.g. _spam) should be treated as a non-public part of the API (whether it is a function, a method or a data member). It should be considered an implementation detail and subject to change without notice.
Since there is a valid use-case for class-private members (namely to avoid name clashes of names with names defined by subclasses), there is limited support for such a mechanism, called name mangling. Any identifier of the form __spam (at least two leading underscores, at most one trailing underscore) is textually replaced with
_classname__spam, where classname is the current class name with leading underscore(s) stripped. This mangling is done without regard to the syntactic position of the identifier, as long as it occurs within the definition of a class.
So, for example,
class Test: def __private_symbol(self): pass def normal_symbol(self): passprint dir(Test)will output:
['_Test__private_symbol', '__doc__', '__module__', 'normal_symbol']__private_symbol should be considered a private method, but it would still be accessible through _Test__private_symbol.
The other answers provide the technical details. I'd like to emphasise the difference in philosophy between Python on one hand and languages like C++/Java (which I presume you're familiar with based on your question).
The general attitude in Python (and Perl for that matter) is that the 'privacy' of an attribute is a request to the programmer rather than a barbed wire fence by the compiler/interpreter. The idea is summarised well in this mail and is often referred to as "We're all consenting adults" since it 'assumes' that the programmer is responsible enough to not meddle with the insides. The leading underscores serve as a polite message saying that the attribute is internal.
On the other hand, if you do want to access the internals for some applications (a notable example is documentation generators like pydoc), you're free to do so. Onus is on you as a programmer to know what you're doing and do it properly rather than on the language to force you do to things it's way.
There are no private of any other access protection mechanisms in Python. There is a convention documented in the Python style guide for indicating to the users of your your class that they should not be accessing certain attribute.
_single_leading_underscore: weak "internal use" indicator. E.g.
from M import *does not import objects whose name starts with an underscore.single_trailing_underscore_: used by convention to avoid conflicts with Python keyword, e.g.
Tkinter.Toplevel(master, class_='ClassName')__double_leading_underscore: when naming a class attribute, invokes name mangling (inside class FooBar, __boo becomes _FooBar__boo; see below).