data.rename(columns={'gdp':'log(gdp)'}, inplace=True)

The rename show that it accepts a dict as a param for columns so you just pass a dict with a single entry.

Also see related

A much faster implementation would be to use list-comprehension if you need to rename a single column.

df.columns = ['log(gdp)' if x=='gdp' else x for x in df.columns]

If the need arises to rename multiple columns, either use conditional expressions like:

df.columns = ['log(gdp)' if x=='gdp' else 'cap_mod' if x=='cap' else x for x in df.columns]

Or, construct a mapping using a dictionary and perform the list-comprehension with it's get operation by setting default value as the old name:

col_dict = {'gdp': 'log(gdp)', 'cap': 'cap_mod'}   ## key→old name, value→new namedf.columns = [col_dict.get(x, x) for x in df.columns]

Timings:

%%timeitdf.rename(columns={'gdp':'log(gdp)'}, inplace=True)10000 loops, best of 3: 168 µs per loop%%timeitdf.columns = ['log(gdp)' if x=='gdp' else x for x in df.columns]10000 loops, best of 3: 58.5 µs per loop

How do I rename a specific column in pandas?

From v0.24+, to rename one (or more) columns at a time,

• DataFrame.rename() with axis=1 or axis='columns' (the axis argument was introduced in v0.21.

• Index.str.replace() for string/regex based replacement.

If you need to rename ALL columns at once,

• DataFrame.set_axis() method with axis=1. Pass a list-like sequence. Options are available for in-place modification as well.

rename with axis=1

df = pd.DataFrame('x', columns=['y', 'gdp', 'cap'], index=range(5))df   y gdp cap0  x   x   x1  x   x   x2  x   x   x3  x   x   x4  x   x   x

With 0.21+, you can now specify an axis parameter with rename:

df.rename({'gdp':'log(gdp)'}, axis=1)# df.rename({'gdp':'log(gdp)'}, axis='columns')       y log(gdp) cap0  x        x   x1  x        x   x2  x        x   x3  x        x   x4  x        x   x

(Note that rename is not in-place by default, so you will need to assign the result back.)

This addition has been made to improve consistency with the rest of the API. The new axis argument is analogous to the columns parameter—they do the same thing.

df.rename(columns={'gdp': 'log(gdp)'})   y log(gdp) cap0  x        x   x1  x        x   x2  x        x   x3  x        x   x4  x        x   x

rename also accepts a callback that is called once for each column.

df.rename(lambda x: x[0], axis=1)# df.rename(lambda x: x[0], axis='columns')   y  g  c0  x  x  x1  x  x  x2  x  x  x3  x  x  x4  x  x  x

For this specific scenario, you would want to use

df.rename(lambda x: 'log(gdp)' if x == 'gdp' else x, axis=1)

Index.str.replace

Similar to replace method of strings in python, pandas Index and Series (object dtype only) define a ("vectorized") str.replace method for string and regex-based replacement.

df.columns = df.columns.str.replace('gdp', 'log(gdp)')df    y log(gdp) cap0  x        x   x1  x        x   x2  x        x   x3  x        x   x4  x        x   x

The advantage of this over the other methods is that str.replace supports regex (enabled by default). See the docs for more information.

Passing a list to set_axis with axis=1

Call set_axis with a list of header(s). The list must be equal in length to the columns/index size. set_axis mutates the original DataFrame by default, but you can specify inplace=False to return a modified copy.

df.set_axis(['cap', 'log(gdp)', 'y'], axis=1, inplace=False)# df.set_axis(['cap', 'log(gdp)', 'y'], axis='columns', inplace=False)  cap log(gdp)  y0   x        x  x1   x        x  x2   x        x  x3   x        x  x4   x        x  x

Note: In future releases, inplace will default to True.

Method Chaining
Why choose set_axis when we already have an efficient way of assigning columns with df.columns = ...? As shown by Ted Petrou in this answer set_axis is useful when trying to chain methods.

Compare

# new for pandas 0.21+df.some_method1()  .some_method2()  .set_axis()  .some_method3()

Versus

# old waydf1 = df.some_method1()        .some_method2()df1.columns = columnsdf1.some_method3()

The former is more natural and free flowing syntax.