What does `__import__('pkg_resources').declare_namespace(__name__)` do?

It boils down to two things:

1. __import__ is a Python function that will import a package using a string as the name of the package. It returns a new object that represents the imported package. So foo = __import__('bar') will import a package named bar and store a reference to its objects in a local object variable foo.

2. From setup utils pkg_resources' documentation, declare_namespace() "Declare[s] that the dotted package name name is a "namespace package" whose contained packages and modules may be spread across multiple distributions."

So __import__('pkg_resources').declare_namespace(__name__) will import the 'pkg_resources' package into a temporary and call the declare_namespace function stored in that temporary (the __import__ function is likely used rather than the import statement so that there is no extra symbol left over named pkg_resources). If this code were in my_namespace/__init__.py, then __name__ is my_namespace and this module will be included in the my_namespace namespace package.

See the setup tools documentation for more details

See this question for discussion on the older mechanism for achieving the same effect.

See PEP 420 for the standardized mechanism that provides similar functionality beginning with Python 3.3.

This is a way to declare the so called "namespace packages" in Python.

What are these and what is the problem:

Imagine you distribute a software product which has a lot of functionality, and not all people want all of it, so you split it into pieces and ship as optional plugins.

You want people to be able to do

import your_project.plugins.plugin1import your_project.plugins.plugin2...

Which is fine if your directory structure is exactly as above, namely

your_project/    __init__.py    plugins/        __init__.py        plugin1.py        plugin2.py

But what if you ship those two plugins as separate python packages so they are located in two different directories? Then you might want to put __import__('pkg_resources').declare_namespace(__name__) in each package's __init__.py so that Python knows those packages are part of a bigger "namespace package", in our case it's your_project.plugins.

Please refer to the documentation for more info.