What's the difference between identical(x, y) and isTRUE(all.equal(x, y))?

all.equal tests for near equality, while identical is more exact (e.g. it has no tolerance for differences, and it compares storage type). From ?identical:

The function ‘all.equal’ is also sometimes used to test equality this way, but was intended for something different: it allows for small differences in numeric results.

And one reason you would wrap all.equal in isTRUE is because all.equal will report differences rather than simply return FALSE.

identical is fussier. For example:

> identical(as.double(8), as.integer(8))[1] FALSE> all.equal(as.double(8), as.integer(8))[1] TRUE> as.double(8) == as.integer(8)[1] TRUE

In addition to differences in numerical tolerance and comparison of storage mode, unlike all.equal(), identical also tests equality of associated environments. Regular objects in R don't normally have associated environments -- they are most commonly associated with function and formula (and terms) objects. But to illustrate, I'll give two trivial objects different (newly created) environments:

x <- 2; environment(x) <- new.env()y <- 2; environment(y) <- new.env()all.equal(x,y)   ## TRUEidentical(x,y)   ## FALSE

There is an ignore.environment argument:

ignore.environment: logical indicating if their environments should be ignored when comparing closures.

but since it is only applied when comparing closures (i.e. functions), it doesn't make a difference in this case - nor will it make a difference when comparing formulae or terms objects.