Equivalent of the Scala IDE worksheet in other languages?
This is not really a language feature, more an IDE feature.
It looks like a pretty straightforward clone of the Transcript window which has been a standard part of Smalltalk IDEs since at the least the 1980s.
One of those Smalltalk IDEs is IBM VisualAge for Smalltalk (where it was called Scrapbook), which later became IBM VisualAge for Java, which became IBM VisualAge for Java Micro Edition, which became Eclipse, and in fact the Eclipse Java Development Tools still have that feature today.
Lisp and Forth IDEs also usually have something similar, often called a listener.
LINQPad is a product which provides a similar experience for C#, VisualBasic.NET and F#.
Pry is still in its infancy, but its goal is to morph into a full interactive IDE for Ruby.