When to use each method of launching a subprocess in Ruby

ruby performance coding-style standards subprocess

use backticks when you want to easily capture the output of a program in a variable. you probably only want to use this for short-running programs, because this will block.
system is convenient in two different cases:
a. You have a long running program and you want the output to print as it runs (e.g. system("tar zxvf some_big_tarball.tar.gz"))
b. system can bypass the shell expansion like exec (compare the output of system "echo *" and system "echo", "*")
system blocks until the subprocess has exited.
fork has a couple different use cases as well:
a. You want to run some ruby code in a separate process (e.g. fork { .... }
b. You want to run a child process (or different program) without blocking progress of your script fork { exec "bash" }.
fork is your friend if you want to daemonize your program.
IO.popen is useful when you need to interact with the standard out and standard in of a program. Note that it doesn't capture standard err, so you need to redirect that with 2>&1 if you care about that.
popen3 gives you a separate file descriptor for standard error (for when you need to capture that separately from standard out)
PTY.spawn is necessary when you want the spawned program to behave like you are running from the terminal. See the difference of grep --color=auto pat file when spawned with system vs PTY.spawn

ruby performance coding-style standards subprocess

ruby performance coding-style standards subprocess

Have a look at this article series:

CodeHunter