Sqlite: SELECT * BUT id FROM Table
sqlite is an embedded DBMS, and it is expected that some functionality can be implemented with the host language. For instance, stored procedures are excluded since all such advanced logic and flow structures will exist in the host language.
If one thinks outside of SQL, the answer is "yes": Use the host language to iterate through a table's columns and build a select statement to get desired schema. See How can I get the list of a columns in a table for a SQLite database?