Swift "where" key word

Swift's switch statements are much more powerful than the ones used in most other languages. Instead of simply choosing from a group of values, they use pattern-matching to select which case to evaluate. Let's look at each case from your example:

case "celery":

Super simple -- this will match the string "celery" and nothing else.

case "cucumber", "watercress":

This case will match either the string "cucumber" or the string "watercress". Cool. In other languages you'd probably need to use a fallthrough case to get both of these.

case let x where x.hasSuffix("pepper"):

This case contains two concepts that are particular to Swift switch statements, when compared to Java and C. The first is value-binding -- the let x part of this statement binds the matched value to a constant x that is scoped to the case's body.

Next is the where clause. This is a boolean test, just like an if statement, so the case only matches if the expression is true. In this example, x.hasSuffix("pepper") looks at the bound value and checks to see if it ends with "pepper". The strings "red pepper", "green pepper", and "spicy hot pepper" would all match, but "peppercorns" would not.

default:

In Swift, switch statements need to exhaust all the possible values of the matched value, so they typically end with a default: case block to handle any value that wasn't previously matched. The only time you wouldn't see this is if you're matching an enum with only a few values, since you could manually exhaust all the options.

You can include multiple optional bindings in a single if statement and use a where clause to check for a Boolean condition:

if let firstNumber = Int("4"), secondNumber = Int("42") where firstNumber < secondNumber {    print("\(firstNumber) < \(secondNumber)")}// prints "4 < 42