Why can't I run a blank Cordova app in browser: You may not have the required environment or OS to run this project
Although the tutorial you linked says browser for some reason. I don't see it on their "supported platform list", try using a platform which you think you're going to develop for and see if you have the same issues.
Link to the platform list (odd that browser isn't listed): https://cordova.apache.org/docs/en/latest/guide/support/index.html
I have had a similar issue on my Debian 8.3 (jessie) with an installed Chromium from the offical debian package-sources.
The detailled error message was:
Error: Error executing "google-chrome --user-data-dir=/tmp/temp_chrome_user_data_dir_for_cordova http://localhost:8000/index.html": /bin/sh: 1: google-chrome: not found
To fix the issue, I have downloaded the (Google-) Chrome-Browser directly from their website, and installed the .deb-package.
After that I did a
cordova platform rm browsercordova platform add browsercordova build browsercordova run browserand it finally worked.
Summary:
Chromium doesn't work - use chrome
I'm confused why you want to deploy it from the command line to a browser instead of a device or an emulator.
Wouldn't you just open index.html in the browswer?