Add iOS Developer Account From Command Line
Alrighty, so I figured out the issue. It wasn't that it needed to have the account added it was that even though I was specifying the 'PROFILE_PATH' when using xcodebuild it was still unable to use the provisioning profile I had specified. Instead what I ended up doing was simply copying the .mobileprovision file to the ~/Library/MobileDevice/Provisioning Profiles/ folder. All seems to work great now.
The reason I thought it needed the account was because if I logged in with the account in XCode it would all of a sudden work. I didn't realize that XCode automatically downloads all provisioning profiles from your account upon addition of the account and places them in the previously mentioned folder.