String formatting: % vs. .format vs. f-string literal

To answer your first question... .format just seems more sophisticated in many ways. An annoying thing about % is also how it can either take a variable or a tuple. You'd think the following would always work:

"hi there %s" % name

yet, if name happens to be (1, 2, 3), it will throw a TypeError. To guarantee that it always prints, you'd need to do

"hi there %s" % (name,)   # supply the single argument as a single-item tuple

which is just ugly. .format doesn't have those issues. Also in the second example you gave, the .format example is much cleaner looking.

Why would you not use it?

• not knowing about it (me before reading this)
• having to be compatible with Python 2.5

To answer your second question, string formatting happens at the same time as any other operation - when the string formatting expression is evaluated. And Python, not being a lazy language, evaluates expressions before calling functions, so in your log.debug example, the expression "some debug info: %s"%some_infowill first evaluate to, e.g. "some debug info: roflcopters are active", then that string will be passed to log.debug().

Something that the modulo operator ( % ) can't do, afaik:

tu = (12,45,22222,103,6)print '{0} {2} {1} {2} {3} {2} {4} {2}'.format(*tu)

result

12 22222 45 22222 103 22222 6 22222

Very useful.

Another point: format(), being a function, can be used as an argument in other functions:

li = [12,45,78,784,2,69,1254,4785,984]print map('the number is {}'.format,li)   printfrom datetime import datetime,timedeltaonce_upon_a_time = datetime(2010, 7, 1, 12, 0, 0)delta = timedelta(days=13, hours=8,  minutes=20)gen =(once_upon_a_time +x*delta for x in xrange(20))print '\n'.join(map('{:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S}'.format, gen))

Results in:

['the number is 12', 'the number is 45', 'the number is 78', 'the number is 784', 'the number is 2', 'the number is 69', 'the number is 1254', 'the number is 4785', 'the number is 984']2010-07-01 12:00:002010-07-14 20:20:002010-07-28 04:40:002010-08-10 13:00:002010-08-23 21:20:002010-09-06 05:40:002010-09-19 14:00:002010-10-02 22:20:002010-10-16 06:40:002010-10-29 15:00:002010-11-11 23:20:002010-11-25 07:40:002010-12-08 16:00:002010-12-22 00:20:002011-01-04 08:40:002011-01-17 17:00:002011-01-31 01:20:002011-02-13 09:40:002011-02-26 18:00:002011-03-12 02:20:00

Assuming you're using Python's logging module, you can pass the string formatting arguments as arguments to the .debug() method rather than doing the formatting yourself:

log.debug("some debug info: %s", some_info)

which avoids doing the formatting unless the logger actually logs something.